Neuroethics
Neuroethics research at Novel Tech Ethics has been funded through two CIHR grants; Therapeutic Hopes and Ethical Concerns (2005-2009) and States of Mind: Emerging Issues in Neuroethics (2006-2012).听
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)Beyond research ethics, beyond the ethics of clinical care, lie questions about the transformations of human identy and society by current and emerging insursions into the brain.
Is DBS a threat to identity? There are numerous accounts of how DBS has dramatically changed the symptoms of many neurological diseases from Parkinsons' to Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. In some of these accounts is the story of how someone's personality was significantly altered, sometimes causing more concern to family members than to the patient.
[PDF - 1.1 MB]. 2013 Neuroethics International Conference 'Neuroethics in Context: East Meets West'. Seoul, Korea, 11 January 2013
Nir Lipsman. Mary Pat McAndrews, Andres M. Lozano & Mark Bernstein (2011) [PDF - 76 KB], AJOB Neuroscience, 2(1): 39-41
Fran莽oise Baylis (2011) ", Neuroethics, DOI 10.1007/s12152-011-0137-1.
Corporation Ends First-in-Human Stem Cell Trial
In November 2011, Geron announced the premature end of its first-in-human stem-cell trial for spinal-cord injury patients. The stated reason was financial rather than the safety or efficacy of the cells under study. This decision has many ethical implications for both the research participants and the role of for-profit corporations engaged in clinical research.
Michael Hiltzik, Los Angeles Times, December 7, 2011.
, California Stem Cell Report, December 5, 2011
, California Stem Cell Report, December 3, 2011
Fran莽oise Baylis, Bioethics Forum, December 2, 2011
[PDF - 192 KB], Fran莽oise Baylis, The Mark, November 25, 2011
MORE ON THE TRIAL
Bretzner F., Gilbert F., Baylis F. & Brownstone R. (2011) . Cell Stem Cell, 8(5): 468-476.
Wirth E., Lebkowski J. & Lebacqz K. (2011) "Target Populations for First-in-Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research in Spinal Cord Injury" Cell Stem Cell, 8(5): 476-478.
Bretzner F., Gilbert F., Baylis F. & Brownstone R. (2011) [PDF - 55 KB]. Cell Stem Cell
Brain Death
CCDT clinical guidelines for brain death determination in Canada are medically unsafe, legally flawed, and publicly non-transparent -- Brainstem criterion now replaces the whole-brain death criterion
Starting in 2003, the Canadian Council for Donation and Transplantation (鈥楥CDT鈥�), a now-defunct organization created by the Canadian government to expand the donor organ supply, drafted and disseminated two new sets of government-approved clinical guidelines to guide physicians in declaring neurological death (i.e., brain death) before withdrawing life support or harvesting organs.
This first new clinical guideline, [PDF - 272 KB]) was followed in 2006 by a second set of guidelines [PDF - 59 KB] which complemented and partially amended the first guideline set.
As discussed by [PDF - 1.1 MB] published in the McGill Journal of Law and Health, and by health reporter in the National Post newspaper in August 2012, the SBINDD and BBFNDD guidelines reveal major, unsettling changes in how brain death may now be declared in Canada:
- Both SBINDD and BBFNDD allow brain death to be declared using a brainstem criterion: death can now be declared when just the lower, brainstem portion of the brain is non-functional, in contrast to the whole-brain criterion used for 35 years by Canada and almost all OECD nations, which requires both the upper portion of the brain, the cortex responsible for conscious thought, to also be non-functional. A brainstem criterion was previously rejected as unsafe due to unalleviated concerns that a completely locked-in patient (paralyzed but possibly capable of awareness) could be declared brain-dead using a brainstem criterion, while this concern is addressed by the whole-brain criterion;
- Both guidelines allow brain death to be declared when therapeutic (or higher) doses of barbiturates, sedatives and analgesics are present in patient鈥檚 system, an unheard-of change from decades of past practice because barbiturates can produce completely reversible, death-like states, risking brain death misdiagnoses. With no apparent scientific justification, BBFNDD even simplified the brain death procedure for some barbiturate-affected patients. As indicated below by details in听Ari Joffe鈥檚 article, this change may have been implicated in the brain death misdiagnosis of an Edmonton child;
- The guidelines have removed 鈥榳ait times鈥� between the traditional two sequential brain death tests, now allowing brain death to be declared via a one-time, simultaneous determination by two physicians. This change removes an important means of testing if the patient鈥檚 unresponsive state is irreversible, and may misdiagnose patients with transient, completely reversible conditions, which-- as in barbiturate intoxication or hypothermia-- can mimic brain death.
The guideline changes potentially allow brain death to be declared earlier in a patient鈥檚 progression, making any donor organs available for harvest sooner, but at the risk of premature death declaration. These medically unsafe guidelines were created without public input during, and with no public notification subsequently, and should urgently be replaced with safer guidelines, to avoid misdiagnoses such as the one discussed below.
In 2009, Alberta neurologist Dr. Ari Joffe reported on a 10-month-old Edmonton, Alberta baby whose brain death misdiagnosis occurred using the SBINDD guidelines correctly, as they were intended to be used. Death was declared simultaneously by two pediatric intensivist physicians, with no wait time, just 7.5 hours after the patient had received a therapeutic barbiturate dose (phenobarbital) as the guidelines permit, although, according to most sources, the clearance time for barbiturates from the body is approximately 2-3 days. The misdiagnosis was attributed by an author of the SBINDD guidelines, not to safety flaws in the guidelines, but to error by the pediatric intensivists, who were incorrectly claimed to have declared death while the child was hypothermic. However, Dr Joffe鈥檚 records show the boy was at normal body temperature when misdiagnosed as dead and was not hypothermic. Sadly, after discovery of the misdiagnosis, the child ultimately did not survive in the longer term.
With the CCDT鈥檚 dissolution in 2008, Canadian Blood Services (CBS) inherited the CCDT鈥檚 funding, mandate to expand organ supplies and coordinate a national organ donation system and some key personnel. More recently, in June, 2012, CBS announced its National Strategy to increase organ donation and transplantation, noting that organ supplies still do not meet Canada鈥檚 growing need for organ transplants. It remains to be seen whether CBS will issue future brain death guideline amendments and if so, whether these will continue, or correct, the trends that the SBINDD and BBFNDD guidelines have begun.
ImpactEthics.ca blog post by L. Syd Johnson, January 29 2014
ImpactEthics.ca blog post by Jacquelyn Shaw, April 4 2014
Aired March 21 2014
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Page last updated August 2015.