新加坡六合彩开奖直播 the author: is a professor and founding fellow of the MacEachen Institute for Public Policy and Governance at 新加坡六合彩开奖直播.
From to to the , 2019 has seen the mounting evidence of climate change.
With we need to take a look at what effective emissions reduction policies look like.
The party platforms differ substantially on their strategies to reduce emissions. During the English language debate, party leaders discussed their policies on oil and gas extraction, home retrofits and transportation, among others. The range of possibilities spanned from doing very little (Conservative) to aggressive (NDP and Green), and in between (Liberal).
Energy and emissions in Canada
In 2017, more than 80 per cent of Canada鈥檚 human-made (anthropogenic) greenhouse gas emissions were from the .
will require net-global emissions to reach zero by no later than 2055.
Since , the federal, provincial and territorial governments need policies that reduce energy-related emissions rapidly, yet are both politically and economically palatable.
These policies will need to target the different energy systems found across the country: the primary energy supply (more than 80 per cent supplied from sources of crude oil, natural gas, coal, and natural gas liquids); the energy conversion processes (thermal power plants and refineries); the distribution processes and the end-use sectors (industry, transportation, buildings and agriculture/forestry).
Emissions reduction policies
Broadly speaking, there are three categories of energy policy that can be used to reduce emissions: reduction, replacement and restriction.
Reduction
These policies aim to reduce energy demand without changing the system or its energy supply. If the policy leads drivers , it has done its job.
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Other examples of reduction policies include financial incentives to reduce energy demand, such as and .
Replacement
These policies aim to change our energy sources or parts of our energy system to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They can be focused on parts of the energy system, like replacing incandescent bulbs with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or conventional vehicles with hybrid-electric vehicles.
They can also focus on the sources of the energy being consumed, like or .
Restriction
These policies are a more aggressive type of replacement policy. They target parts of the energy system and the energy it consumes, replacing them with new processes and energy sources to meet existing demand.
For example, the to improve air quality is an example of a restriction where thermal plants operating with coal were shuttered in favour of new natural gas, solar and wind facilities. Restrictions can also apply to end-use sectors, such as consumers opting to buy electric vehicles rather than conventional petroleum vehicles.
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Emissions reduction and energy security
Developing and implementing the necessary emissions-reduction policies for a rapid decline in emissions is challenging, since these policies will impact every sector of Canadian society.
This can be seen in , which targets energy-use in all sectors of the economy: industrial, transportation, residential and commercial buildings and agriculture.
To be acceptable, the policies must be implemented with minimal risk to the supply and price of energy to Canadians and the Canadian economy. However, policies that are ill-conceived or poorly implemented can inadvertently increase the risks to the energy security of an energy system.
An energy system is said to be energy secure if it is . Secure systems are able to .
The world has seen several recent examples of energy systems that are not resilient. In 2011, an affected both the affordability and availability of electricity. The risk of downed lines causing fires forced in California. Similarly, the in 2008 affected the commuting habits of many Canadians.
With each disruption, the energy system must to remain secure. Adaptation can, in turn, be a risk to the availability and affordability of the energy supplied to the jurisdiction.
If we look at the major parties鈥� approaches to this conundrum, we find several trade-offs.
The Conservative Party鈥檚 strategy of moving ahead with greenhouse gas intensive oil and gas projects does have the benefit of mitigating the risks of availability and affordability for consumers, but comes with serious long-term climate change risks.
The Greens and the NDP present the opposite option, with action on climate change coming at the expense of energy security.
The Liberals lie somewhere in the middle. They are offering some climate action, but meaningful risks to both energy security 鈥� from higher carbon pricing 鈥� and long-term climate change impacts 鈥� from continued expansion of oil and gas extraction 鈥� remain.
The climate-action backlash
Canada currently relies on emissions intensive energy sources. If we are to achieve our emissions reductions targets by 2055, reduction policies will likely have an impact on the availability and affordability of energy.
We have already seen examples of politicians ignoring or scrapping existing emission reduction policies and groups affected by the policies pushing back against them.
In the , the Trump administration is reversing many climate regulations, and , the unequal application of climate policy was one of the main reasons the yellow-vest movement was formed.
, Conservative premiers are pushing back against the federal government鈥檚 carbon-pricing policies.
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So what is the climate-conscious voter to do?
They should look for details on how each party plans to transform the energy system and its impact on their province. This means understanding how electricity is generated, how buildings are heated and cooled, and how goods and people are moved.
In Monday鈥檚 debate, the prime minister said, 鈥淲e recognize that transition to clean energy will not happen overnight.鈥�
While undoubtedly true, one is left with the question, how many nights do we have?
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