Professor and neurosurgeon Dr. Rob Brownstone and postdoctoral fellow Dr. Tuan Bui have identified the spinal cord circuit that controls the hands鈥� ability to grasp.
The world鈥檚 leading neuroscience journal, Neuron, published the breakthrough finding in its latest issue.
The researchers have found that a certain population of neurons in the spinal cord 鈥� called the dI3 interneurons 鈥� assess information from sensory neurons in the hands and then send the appropriate signals to motor neurons in the spinal cord, and hence to the muscles, to control the hands鈥� grip.
Importance of hand-grip control
鈥淭his circuit allows us to subtly and unconsciously adjust our grasp so we apply the right amount of force to whatever we鈥檙e holding,鈥� says Dr. Brownstone, a professor in the Department of Medical Neurosciences and the Division of Neurosurgery. 鈥淭his mechanism is disrupted in spinal cord injuries, which can completely eliminate the ability to grasp, and in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer鈥檚 disease, which can lead to an uncontrollable reflexive grasp such that people grab and can鈥檛 let go of what they touch.鈥�
Impaired hand function has a devastating effect on people鈥檚 independence and ability to function in daily life. As Dr. Brownstone points out, people with quadriplegia ranked hand function as their number-one priority, when asked in a 2004 survey which function they would most want to recover if they could. They rated hand function well above trunk stability, walking, sexual function, bladder and bowel control, and normal sensation.
An unexpected finding
Drs. Brownstone and Bui were testing a spinal cord circuit for its role in the rhythmic pattern of walking, when they found it controlled hand grip instead. 鈥淭he mice with this circuit disrupted were walking just fine, but I found it was unusually easy to remove them from their cages,鈥� recounts Dr. Bui. 鈥淢ice will usually grab onto the cage wires when you go take them out, so this really got us thinking.鈥�
While Dr. Bui was pondering the meaning of this unexpected observation in the lab, Dr. Brownstone was in his neurosurgery clinic, assessing a patient who was unable to control her grasp. 鈥淲hen she took my hand, she was unable to let go,鈥� he recalls. 鈥淚 had to peel her fingers off one by one to release my hand.鈥�
As they compared notes, Drs. Brownstone and Dr. Bui quickly realized they had come across the circuit that controls hand grasp. Struck by the implications of their observations, they embarked on a series of experiments 鈥� with collaborators, including Dr. Tom Jessell at Columbia University in New York City 鈥� which validated the finding.
A path to future treatments
Now that the researchers have identified the specific spinal cord circuit that controls hand grip, they can go on to find targets for potential treatments for impaired hand function. 鈥淚t鈥檚 possible that a neurotransmitter or other agent could be delivered to the spinal cord to correct the faulty circuit,鈥� notes Dr. Brownstone. 鈥淚t could be a complex strategy, but understanding is always the first step.鈥�
Dr. Brownstone is a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in spinal cord circuits. His research is also supported through grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Dr. Bui is a key member of Dr. Brownstone鈥檚 research team in the Motor Control Lab at 新加坡六合彩开奖直播, where they are identifying the neural circuits that control our ability to walk and move in coordinated ways. Their ultimate goal is to identify targets for therapies to restore lost motor function and control in people with spinal cord injuries and other neurological diseases.