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With the second Bush presidency now over, academics and armchair scholars alike are looking back at the presidential decisions of the past eight years.

Frank Harvey is no exception.

With his latest paper for the Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute (CDFAI), the 新加坡六合彩开奖直播 political scientist is challenging the popular consensus that an Al Gore presidency would have gone down a fundamentally different path. In particular, he argues Gore would have invaded Iraq just as President Bush did, and in doing so, pieces together what he considers to be a stronger explanation of the decision to invade in the first place.

鈥淚 was never convinced that what seemed to be emerging as the conventional wisdom on the decision to invade Iraq was complete enough,鈥� he explains. 鈥淚 thought that one way to approach that weak theory was to revisit that history and change the theory鈥檚 key variable 鈥� replace Bush with a Gore administration.鈥�

Lecture Dr. Frank Harvey will deliver the lecture, President Al Gore and the 2003 Iraq War: A Counterfactual Test of Conventional "W"isdom, on Thursday, March 26, 12:30 to 2 p.m. in Room 304 of the Weldon Law Building. Presented by the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies.

This approach to history, known as a counterfactual analysis, may seem like conjecture to some but Dr. Harvey points out that it鈥檚 a common practice when evaluating historical events or when testing social scientific theory. He argues any explanation for an event鈥攚hy a war starts, why a leader decides on a course of action鈥攊nvolves the rejection of competing arguments and that re-evaluating those arguments with historical facts is standard practice.

The core of his argument is that Gore would have faced similar pressures as Bush, both from within the Washington establishment and from the body politic at large. By looking at Gore鈥檚 record in government as well as the advisors and voices he would have surrounded himself with, Dr. Harvey hypothesizes that Gore would have started down a similar path to Bush: attempting to get the inspectors back into Iraq, acquiring a Congressional authorization of force to back that effort, deploying troops to give credibility to the threat, and acquiring a strongly-worded UN Security Council resolution.

鈥淥nce you start down that road鈥�once you make decisions that many at the time said were rational and reasonable for a credible threat, you鈥檙e on the bus,鈥� he says. 鈥淎nd my argument is that momentum kicks in at that point, and it becomes harder and harder to get off the bus.鈥�

The argument that Gore couldn鈥檛 have turned back from a path to war offers a sobering perspective on the limitations of presidential power.

Dr. Harvey also looks聽ahead to what the Obama administration may bring for American foreign policy. He believes that while presidential candidates often campaign on the edges of the American political spectrum, once in power they鈥檙e forced into a narrow ideological centre by a whole array of political, social and economic pressures. He doubts that the incoming Obama administration will be much different.聽

鈥淚f you buy the argument that I develop in the paper and find its evidence compelling, you can expect an Obama administration to follow foreign policies that look similar if not identical to the policies that we saw under the Bush administration,鈥� he explains. 鈥淵ou will see differences, but they will be superficial. There will be few substantive changes on American foreign policy in Iraq, Afghanistan, the Middle East or with Canada. Continuity and consistency is the norm in American foreign policy because it鈥檚 a product of so many other factors than leadership.鈥�