Helping new trees thrive in organic orchards
Two passionate soil ecologists in British Columbia
Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada
When she moved from Saskatchewan to British Columbia eight years ago, Louise Nelson brought with her over 100 strains of soil bacteria that she wanted to test against tree fruit replant disease, a disease that affects young trees planted in old apple orchard blocks.
Replant disease happens around the world, but what causes this problem is not understood. When growers pull out old trees out of their orchards and put in their places new varieties, the new trees do not always thrive. Some explanations have been proposed, with one theory suggesting that perhaps when the same species are grown in the same place for a long time, a population of soil pathogens may be built up that negatively affects the new seedlings.
Gerry Neilsen, an AAFC researcher at the Summerland鈥檚 Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC), showed that replanted trees respond well to the addition of phosphorus. Given the importance of phosphorus in young tree establishment, Louise Nelson and other researchers have focused on improving the availability of phosphorus in organic production systems, where synthetic sources cannot be applied.
Nelson鈥檚 approach, as a microbiologist, was to use soil bacteria that can efficiently solubilize phosphorus (P) and make it available to plants. 听So Nelson and Neilsen, along with M.Sc. student Molly Thurston, tested the large collection of Saskatchewan soil bacteria in the laboratory and in greenhouse trials to find out which strains were the best P solubilizers. The five most effective strains are currently being tested in the greenhouse and on certified organic farms in the Okanagan Valley.
Their research project, one of thirty Organic Science Cluster activities, is certainly in tune with organic tree fruit producer鈥檚 needs and principles. 听In organic production, rock phosphate is probably the most common source of phosphorus, but the phosphorus in rock phosphate is not readily available to the plants. Phosphate solubilizing soil bacteria inoculated onto seedlings at planting may play a vital role in improving the growth of replanted trees in organic orchards.
The project鈥檚 field trials are now underway. Last spring, young apple trees were inoculated with P-solubilizing soil bacteria at two sites in the Okanagan Valley. 听A second inoculation is planned for this spring.
鈥淭he zones around the roots are where the action is, where there may be beneficial microorganisms as well as pathogens; this is where we have to maintain the right balance,鈥� says Louise Nelson. 听鈥淢uch of my career has focused on using soil microorganisms to enhance plant growth and incorporating these into more sustainable practices.听 Organic agriculture fits very well with my interests, as we need to look at more sustainable practices to continue to be productive in agriculture.鈥�
Louise Nelson surely knows about soil bacteria. She studied microbiology at the University of Western Ontario, did her PhD on arctic soil bacteria at the University of Calgary, and her postdoctoral work at McDonald Campus of McGill University and the University of Oxford in England. In Saskatchewan, she worked at the National Research Council of Canada, Agrium Inc. and the University of Saskatchewan, studying symbiotic nitrogen fixation and other bacteria that promote plant growth. She is now a professor, researcher and the Associate Dean of Research of the Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences at the University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus.
In BC, Nelson鈥檚 focus has shifted to horticultural crops, particularly the tree fruit industry, where she partners with Dr. Gerry Nielsen and co-supervises graduate student Molly Thurston, who is also convinced that sound soil management is the basis of organic agriculture.
Thurston has observed variability in the phosphorous-solubilizing ability of the bacteria that she has analyzed. She was able to identify the most promising ones to bring forward for orchard replant trials with 鈥淣icola鈥�, the new apple variety that was developed in the breeding program at PARC.
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鈥淎s phosphorus can be limiting, we are trying to improve the efficiency of phosphorus uptake from rock phosphate, bone meal and compost in order to provide soluble P to the root system of the young trees鈥� says Thurston, who did her undergraduate studies at the University of Guelph, where she was a student in the first organic agriculture course offered in 2003.
Thurston is also employed as an extension agent for the Okanagan Tree Fruit Cooperative, where she enjoys giving advice and guidance to growers in the tree fruit industry. Born in the Okanagan Valley, and an organic farmer herself, Thurston believes that similar yields can be achieved in organic and conventional orchards, though organic production often requires more hand labor, in the absence of the chemical tools available to conventional producers.
鈥淲e have our fair share of insect pests in BC, like any other part of the country, but growing apples organically is very achievable and not overly cumbersome if you have the right tools to manage the issues that come up,鈥� confirms Thurston, adding that the dry climate of the Okanagan Valley also helps to prevent fungal diseases.
Louise Nelson and Molly Thurston are excited by the progress of their project. They continue to measure the effects of the P-solubilizing bacteria in the lab, the greenhouse and the field.
In her spare time, Louise Nelson enjoys gardening, cooking, making bread, and reading novels by Canadian women authors. Molly also enjoys reading and she likes to run, both on trails and in the forests around the Okanagan.听
As an organic producer herself, Thurston feels that her research is both timely and relevant to the replant challenges facing organic tree fruit producers. Together, their goal is to overcome this problem with ecological solutions.
This article was written by Nicole Boudreau, Organic Federation of Canada, on behalf of the OACC with funding provided by Canada鈥檚 Organic Science Cluster (a part of the Canadian Agri-Science Clusters Initiative of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Growing Forward Policy Framework).听 The Organic Science Cluster is a collaborative effort led jointly by the OACC, the and industry partners. For more information: oacc@dal.ca or 902-893-7256.
Posted July 2012